li 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 



S F 

.3)63 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL I NDUSTRY.— Bulletin No. 70, 

D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. 



THE MILK SUPPLY 



OF 



TWENTY-NINE SOUTHERN CITIES, 



BY 



C. F. DOANE, M. S., 
Special Agent of Dairy Division, Bureau of Ani>nal Industry. 




WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1905. 




Qass ^?1S^ 

Book • -lU ^ 



/ 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL I NDUSTRY.— Bulletin No. 70, 

D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. 



lX ' ^U 



^?/ 



THE MILK SUPPLY 



TWENTY-NINE SOUTHERN CITIES. 



BY 



C. F. DOANE, M. S., 
Special Agent of Dairy Division, Bureau of Anitnal Industry . 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 



1905. 



5 



f 






Q'Jfi* OS 100 



ti 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau or Animal Industrt, 
Washington, D. C, Fehriiary 17, 1905. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying report upon 
"The Milk Supply of Twenty-nine Southern Cities." This report 
was compiled by Prof. C. F. Doane, M. S., professor of dairy hus- 
bandry and bacteriolog}' in the Maryland Agricultural College, while 
acting as special agent for the Bureau of Animal Industry, under the 
direction of Maj. Henry E. Alvord, late chief of the Dairy Division. 
It Avas found in the preparation of Bulletin No. 46, Bureau of 
Animal Industry, " The Milk Supply of 200 Cities and Towns," that 
the Southern cities had some peculiar problems and conditions. This 
led to the investigation as presented in this report, which adds much 
valuable information to the present knowledge of the subject of milk 
supply in American cities. I therefore recommend that this manu- 
script be published as Bulletin No. 70 of the series of this Bureau. 
Respectfully, 

D. E. Salmon, 
Chief of Bureau. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary. 

Dy-€0. 



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in 2010 with funding from 
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CONTENTS. 



Page. 

The dairy situation in the South 9 

Consumption of milli in southern cities 11 

How the millv is handled 13 

]Millv and dairy inspection 14 

Peculiar coast conditions 16 

Suggestions for improvement 17 

Evil of keeping cows in city 17 

Evil of delivering warm milk 18 

Pasteurization 19 

Details of the milk supply of the cities 20 

5 



STATISTICS OF MILK SUP 



state and city or town. 



Population 
in 1900. 



Daily con- 
sumption 
in addition 
to family 
cows. 



Number 
of cows 
kept in 

city. 



Retail 
price 
per 

quart. 



Retail 

price 

per 

gallon. 



Price 
per gal- 
lon paid 
to pro- 
ducers. 



Alabama: 

Birmingham 

Mobile 

Montgomery 
Florida: 

Jacksonville _ 

Pensacola 

Georgia: 

Atlanta 

Augusta 

Macon _ 

Savannah 

Louisiana: 

Baton Rouge. 

New Orleans. 
Mississippi : 

Meridian 

Natchez 

Vicksburg 

North Carolina: 

Greensboro . . 

Raleigh 

Wilmington .. 
South Carolina: 

Charleston 

Columbia 

Spartanburg. 
Tennessee: 

Chattanooga . . 

Kuoxville 

Memphis 

Virginia: 

Danville 

Lynchburg ... 

Norfolk 

Portsmouth.-. 

Richmond 



Newport News. 



30, 



39, 
23, 
54, 

11, 

287, 

14, 
12, 
14, 

10, 
13, 

20, 

55, 
21, 
11, 



32 
102 

16, 
18, 
46, 
1", 

a5, 

19, 



,104 

,050 
,200 
834 

035 
643 

976 

807 
108 
39,5 

154 
637 
320 

520 
891 
624 
427 
050 
635 



Gallons. 
800 
400 
600 

500 
400 

5,000 
600 
800 



150 

12, 970 

250 

. 300 

350 

200 
150 
200 

300 
2.-)0 



2,000 

i,a)o 

8,5(t0 

350 
400 

2,000 

5, (K10 



500 

a50 



Pew. 



500 



o6,723 



325 
300 
400 

750 



Many. 



200 



rm 



Cents. 
6-10 
»-10 



8-10 
10 

7-10 
6-10 

6- 8 

7-8, 

6i- 8j 
7J-10 

8-10 
&-10 



10 



8-10 
7-10 



6- 7f 
6- 8 
6M0 

8i-10 
6- 8 

S-10 

6- 8 



Cents. 
20-25 
25-35 
15-20 

25-30 
35 



20-30 

20-25 

25 

25 
20-25 

25 

25 

2.5-30 

17-20 

20-25 

25 

24 

24 
20 

16-20 
20-25 
11-20 

20-24 
161-25 

20-25 



Cents. 
20 



15-20 



10-16 



11-15 



20 
15-17 



a Not including 18 herds just outside the parish of New Orleans. 



PLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 



Cream. 


Ice cream 
per gallon. 


Butter- 
milk per 
gallon. 


Amount of milk 
sold in bottles. 


Amount of milk 
cooled before 
selling. 


Longest 
distance 
shipped. 


Page 


Per cent 
fat. 


Price 

per 

quart. 


which 
state- 
ment 

is 
found. 


25 


Cents. 

40 

40-50 

"40 


$1.50 
1.50-3.00 
1.25-1.50 

1.50 

2.00+ 

1.20-3.20 

1.50 

1.25-2.00 


Cents. 

10 

20-25 

10-15 

35 

12J 
12-15 
10-15 


Nearly all- 

do.-__ 

Small part 

Part. ^ 


All - 

Nearly all.. 


Miles. 
25 


33 
34 


25 






32 


Part . .- ... 




31 


25 

25 

25 


40-50 

40 
40 
40 


Very little - 




32 


Nearlyall 

do. 

Part 

Some 




35 


28 


None 

Neaily all 

Some 


30 
30 
29 




40 
3^40 

30-40 

40 

3^40 

25 

25-40 

60 

25 
50 








38 




1.50-2.00 

1.50 
1.25-3.00 




Small part.. 

Part 


Small part .-_ 

Small part 


40 


36 






,35 








Almost Tinne 




35 










34 




1.00 

1.00-2.00 

1.50 

1.00-2.00 

1.60 

1.50-2.50 

1.25 

1.00-1.25 

8(M.OO 


10 
10 

20 

20 
10 


Nearlyall 

Small part 

All 

Part 


Nearly all 

Some __. ' 

Part --.. 

Small part ! 


25 


20-30 
35 

18 
30 


25 
24 

26 




Part-. 


27 




27 


20 


25 
•SO 
35 

40 




10 
10-20 


Part 




60 
20 


40 


Small part 

Part 


Part. 

do .. .. 


40 


30 
20 


39 


Half 


do 




23 


1.00 

1.00-4.00 

1.25 


Nearlyall 

Half 


None 




23 






20 






21 


25 


30 


Cooled at depot . . . 
Part. 


15 


20 






22 



















THE MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 

By C. F. DoANE, M. S., 
Special Agent of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. 

THE DAIRY SITUATION IN THE SOUTH. 

The observations re]3orted herein were made in order to obtain 
information concerning various conditions affecting the milk supply 
of representative Southern cities. 

The lack of knowledge concerning the milk supply of Southern 
cities, compared with cities of the same size and importance in North- 
ern States, is very likely due to two causes. In the first place, the 
dairy industry in the South has not in any of its branches attained 
the importance that it has in the North and West, and therefore has 
not invited the same amount of attention that it has in the North. 
Again, a large amount of the information on dairy subject'^ in the 
North has been disseminated by the agricultural press, and this has 
naturally aroused interest in the industry; but the South does not 
have many agricultural papers, and is therefore deprived to a large 
extent of this excellent method of promoting dairy knowledge. 

As might be expected, there is a wide difference in the way dairying 
is conducted in the South as compared with the North. The climate 
and the differing systems of agriculture are very likely the cause of 
this. The Southern farmer cultivates large areas with much hired 
help. The Northern farmer cultivates small farms and, with the help 
of his family, does the greater part of the manual labor. These 
small farms have naturally led to intensive farming in the North, and 
in consequence the live-stock industry, including dairying, has been 
pushed to a prominent place. The character of the soil of the North, 
the short growing season, and the small farms have together served 
to make stock raising one of the most profitable of occupations, and it 
has become one of the best-known branches of agriculture in that part 
of the country. In the South, however, dairying is not especially re- 
garded as a branch of agriculture. It is seldom carried on there in 
connection with other farming operations. In fact, in very few cases 
is any attempt made to raise all or even a small part of the feed con- 

9 
21463— No. 70—05 m 2 



10 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

sumed by the cows. This condition has led to the keeping of cows in 
or near the cities on very small areas of land; and even where the 
herds are kept a few miles out from the cities, where an abundance of 
cheap land is available, the same general plan is followed of keeping 
cows in a small area, where no pasture is provided and feeding is ex- 
clusively on commercial foodstuffs. This practice is not calculated to 
result in the greatest profits. In fact, profitable dairying in any sec- 
tion depends upon the production on the farm of the feed consumed 
by the dairy herd. The Southern dairyman, as a rule, buys all his 
feed. This consists mostly of cotton-seed products, which are of 
doubtful value when fed in great quantities to the exclusion of other 
food products. Cotton-seed products are, of course, cheaper in the 
South than in any other portion of the country ; and, in a few locali- 
ties, ^vhere abnormally low prices have prevailed for the hulls, they 
evidently make as cheap a ration as could be purchased in any locality, 
not excluding the Middle West, where forage crops sell at a low figure. 
Many dairymen, however, give other feeds than cotton-seed hulls, and 
their cost becomes very high, for the South does not raise all of the 
forage heeded, and consequently Northern feeds must be obtained. It 
is difficult to understand why the dairymen do not raise their feed. 
The system of dairying that is carried on in the North, if adopted, 
could not fail to be more profitable to the producer and more health- 
ful for the consumer. The amount of forage that can be raised on an 
acre of land in most of the Southern States is beyond the conception of 
the Northern farmer. The growing season is almost twice as long as 
in the North, and, moreover, the soil under proper condition of tillage, 
where fertilizer is applied, responds wonderfully. The land itself 
is cheap and usuallj^ easily tilled, and forage crops of almost nil kinds 
can be produced cheaper than in the North. Notli withstanding these 
facts the dairymen of the South pay to the Northern producer a profit 
plus the cost of shipping such bulky freight a long distance. In other 
words, the Southern dairyman is wasting his fertilizer and the natu- 
ral advantages of soil and climate. Moreover, the cattle would be 
healthier if they could have pasture or plenty of green feed, they 
would produce more milk, iind the entire industry would be placed on 
a more satisfactory basis for producer and consumer. 

CONSUMPTION OF MILK IN SOUTHERN CITIES. 

Comparatively little milk is consumed in most Southern cities. The 
amount per capita in Richmond is not quite one-half ]unt, which is 
jibout as high an average as in any Southern city, Avhile at Pensacola 
it is as low as one-fifth pint, and in Mobile less than one-tenth pint. 
These are the only cities where anything like ajipi'oximate figures of 
the amount of milk consumed could be secured. In Kichmond a very 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 11 

.careful and businesslike dairyman had collected the figures of the 
total milk sold. In Mobile and Pensacola the amount of the business 
was so small that it was not difficult to secure satisfactory figures. 
Richmond did not have enough family cows to influence the average 
figures greatly, while in Pensacola no family cows were kept, and in 
Mobile not a large number. 

Wliat is true of the consumption of milk is even more true of the 
consumption of cream. One of the most notable features in the sale 
of milk products is the exceedingly light sale of cream. It can be 
said that practically no cream is sold in the South for use as it is used 
in other parts of the country. To buy cream for use in coffee or with 
fruit is unheard of. The greater part of the cream sold carries a high 
percentage of fat and is used for A^hipping. The remainder is used 
for making ice cream. 

To account for the small quantities of milk and the smaller quan- 
tities of cream consumed is a most difficult undertaking. It may 
be that the people do not use these products because they are unable to 
secure them, which would seem to be the case in some of the cities 
considered. On the other hand, they refrain from buying in some 
instances when the dairymen hav^ enough and to spare, this being 
evidently the case in Charleston and a few smaller places. This 
lack of desire to buy may be because the people do not like milk to 
the extent that they do in the North, or are suspicious of the kind of 
milk sold. Most of the physicians, especially the younger men, recog- 
nize that the milk offered for sale is not of good quality and, as a 
consequence, fcAv invalids receive milk, and a surprisingly large pro- 
portion of the infants are fed on condensed milk. So universal is the 
practice of feeding condensed milk that many physicians expressed 
surprise when told that fresh milk was much preferred for infant 
food in other parts of the country, and that the use of condensed 
milk for this purpose was very exceptional and was usually severely 
criticised. 

Were the people able to get a high grade of milk in quantities 
desired throughout the year it is very likely that the consumption 
would gradually increase. This would be especially true at Pensa- 
cola, where the supply is short of the demand. It is true that in most 
cities dairymen find little trouble in disposing of all the milk pro- 
duced during the greater part of the year. For at least half of the 
3'^ear there appears to be a distinct shortage in the supply. On the 
other hand, in the spring there is a surjolus. Milk producers in the 
South, as elsewhere, seem generally to think that the spring of the year 
is the only time when a cow should come fresh. As a consequence the 
most milk is produced during the spring and summer, when the best 
customers are away from the cities, whereas when the greatest quantity 



12 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

of milk could be sold the cows are not producing sufficient to supply 
the demand. There can be no doubt that these periods of short sup- 
ply decrease the amount of milk consumed, eA^en in periods of plenty, 
for the people get into the habit of doing without milk. For instance, 
at Spartanburg, a city of over 11,000 inhabitants, there was but one 
dairy and that of only 25 cows, and the owner had a hard time dispos- 
ing of all his product, although it is evident that he was selling good 
milk. In fact, this city once had three dairies, but tAvo w^ere closed 
out because they could not get enough business to pay. There are 
cities where all the milk is produced that can be disposed of, as in 
Charleston, where dairymen, who are doing a good business and hand- 
ling a good grade of milk, stated that no more milk could be sold in 
the city than is noAv being consumed. This is also true of many of 
the smaller cities. 

It is a matter of some speculation as to the future course of the 
dairy industry in Southern cities. Some of the leading citizens 
always said on inquiry that there Avas a good opening for a first-class 
dairy. "VATiiile there may be some question as to the reason for the 
small consumption of milk, there can be none concerning the even 
lighter use of cream. The light cream trade is indicated by the fact 
that housekeepers can not secure as much as they wpuld use. More- 
over, the shortage has tended to very high prices, comparativeh% 
as 40 cents a quart retail appears to be the usual price. In fact, 
cream is a decided luxury. A considerable quantity of cream is 
. shipped south from Tennessee and the mountain district of North 
Carolina. Little cream is used in mailing ice cream, and that, with 
f eAv exceptions, is shipped from considerable distances. 

Ice cream and buttermilk are tAvo dairy products in Avhich a A^ery 
heavy business is done in the South, except in the JNIississippi Valley 
States. This is A^ery likely due to climatic conditions, as hot Aveather, 
of course, is ahvays conduciA'e to a brisk trade Avith ice cream, and 
the human system craves the acid of the buttermilk under the same 
conditions. The ice cream, as a rule, is not of the best quality, 
because the necessary cream, as heretofore stated, can not be obtained 
for making it, and to use imported cream Avould be too costly. 
Most of the ice cream is made from whole milk, but condensed milk 
and cream are not uncommon in its manufacture. In some cities 
enormous quantities are- made from Avhole milk and sell at $1.50 to 
$2 per gallon, whereas ice cream makers in the Nortli make a good 
profit in Avholesale cream aa ith 10 to 15 per cent of fat at $1 per gallon. 
In a number of cities Avhere there is a particularly small milk trade 
imported cream or condensed milk is used exclusiA^ely in the manu- 
facture of ice cream. AVith these facts and comparatiA'e figures be- 
fore us, it is easy to realize the demand for tliis article in the South. 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 13 

It is likely that as much so-called buttermilk is consumed in the 
South as whole sweet milk. A person unacquainted with the true 
condition coidd hardl}' realize the great demand for this product. 
The writer sat in the office of a city dairy in one of the smaller cities 
of North Carolina and watched a steady stream of customers filing in, 
and nine out of every ten came with the purpose of getting buttermilk, 
though the proprietor said that it had been understood that no butter- 
milk would be available for a number of days. The price charged 
for this buttermilk is seldom below 12 cents a gallon retail, and it is 
usually 20 cents a gallon. It may well be asked how so much butter- 
milk is to be secured when so little butter is made. The answer is, 
that practically all of this buttermilk is simply skimmilk allowed to 
sour and then churned for a few minutes. Sometimes customers 
demand a few granules of butter as an evidence of good faith, and 
this is met bj^ churning a very small i^ortion of cream in a glass jar, 
allowing the butter granules to come very fine, and putting this 
butter into the churned milk. The deception seems to answer all 
requirements. Buttermilk from churned cream is simply the sour 
milk from Avhich the fat has been removed. The fact that it was 
allowed to sour before removing the fat influences the character or 
the quality of the buttermilk not a bit. As buttermilk is such a desir- 
able article of food in the South, the practice of churning sour skim- 
milk should be encouraged rather than discouraged. There may be 
some doubt as to the propriety of calling the product buttermilk, 
but to all intents and purposes it is buttermilk. 

It has already been noted that the heavy buttermilk trade apd ice 
cream trade in a measure decreases in the cities in the Mississippi 
Valley. There seems to be no explanation of this, as the climate and 
other conditions are the same, so far as observed. Tastes and prac- 
tices are sometimes sectional, but this is hardly a satisfactory explana- 
tion of the existing condition. 

HOW THE MILK IS HANDLED. 

Very little milk is shipped for any distance to Southern cities, as 
has been mentioned. The greater part of it is produced in the imme- 
diate neighborhoods of the cities — so close that the railroads are sel- 
dom used in transporting it — and much of it is produced by herds 
kept within the limits of the cities. The fact that no milk is shipped 
for a distance does away with the very important problem of the 
handling of the milk by railways, but, as we shall see, it has led 
unnecessarily to a considerable evil. Milk is retailed usually directly 
from the fp.rm. This may or may not be an advantage. Milk that is 
delivered by the producer ought to reach the consumer sooner after 



14 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

milking than if it had to go through other hands ; but the city dairies 
which buy from the producer and sell to the consumer, when rightly 
conducted, put the milk through a process that often improves its 
keeping qualities. As there are few city dairies, the selling of milk 
to small consumers by grocery stores is very limited, and the cities 
are to be congratulated on escaping this evil, which is the greatest 
curse of the milk business in large cities of other sections. 

The general plan of the milk business is about as follows : The cows 
are milked very early in the morning and afternoon, so as to. get the 
morning milk delivered in time for breakfast. The milk may or may 
not be strained. In some instances it is run over a cooler of the trun- 
cated cone style. From observation, this cooling was so inefficient as 
to be useless in most instances. This warm milk is then bottled or 
put in cans having no device for protecting the afternoon delivery 
from the fierce heat, and is thus carried to the consumer. The con- 
sumer has very little knowledge of how to care for the milk. Usually 
this matter is left to a servant, and no attempt is made to keep it in a 
cool place. Most Southern households are liberal users of ice. The 
kitchen refrigerator is common, but it is not utilized for keeping 
the milk. Here is where the city dairy or depot might be an influ- 
ence for good, as the milk would be reduced to an ice temperature 
and would have its period of usefulness lengthened by several hours. 
It would thus reach the consumer in better condition, even if it were 
several hours older, than that delivered by the producer. 

A number of cities are discussing the idea of pasteurizing the 
milk supply, and two that were visited had plants for this purpose. 

Practically all of the milk sold to the city consumers is delivered 
from wagons. Very little hand trade or push-cart trade is done, 
Charleston being the exception to this general statement. The 
wagons are, of course, of almost every description and condition, 
although there is a particular style that is in general use. Some 
milk for hotel use was brought from a distance in heavy farm carts, 
and small producers generally used a covered spring wagon'. Con- 
sidering the fact that there is no strenuous competition and no regu- 
lations, the wagons, on the whole, were quite good and kept in good 
condition. 

MILK AND DAIRY INSPECTION. 

A number of cities that were visited regulated the milk supply 
to some extent. The regulations were copied largely from those of 
Noi'thern cities. Tliis inspection service has not been in force more 
than a few years in any of these cities, but the idea is being adopted 
by others very rapidly. The regulations afl'ecting milk in some of 
tliese cities are very simple, and it appears that their simplicity gives 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHEKN CITIES. 15 

strength. The principal points of any good milk regulations can be 
covered in a few words: The milk must have a certain content of 
butter fat; no foreign substances may be added to the milk; stables 
and yards must be in a prescribed condition ; cattle shall be in a cer- 
tain condition of health — even tuberculin tested. These are given in 
the order of their importance as generally considered by city health 
authorities. Certain details are sometimes added for the purpose of 
facilitating the enforcement of these points or to make it more diffi- 
cult for dealers to evade the laAv; but where this is carried too far 
more harm than good is done, and there is always a tendency in such 
instances to get so many regulations that none of them will be fully 
enforced. 

As a rule, the ordinances relating to the milk supply of the cities 
visited are few and simple, but comprehensive. Moreover, it is very 
doubtful if there is any other section of the country where regidations 
in regard to milk are more consistently and rigidly enforced. This 
is done in the face of the fact that it is doubtful if a very few years 
ago one-fourth of the milk consiuned in these cities was an honest 
product in every particular. The records of analysis made by city 
health officials before the adoption of milk regulations show a pretty 
bad state of affairs. Skimming, watering, and preserving were gen- 
erally practiced. This information was gained by periodical visits 
to premises and by talks to sellers who gave all the evidence required 
of the efficiency of the inspection service, and in no instance was the 
word of officers in charge accepted as to what had been accomplished. 
Retailers, without exception, bitterly condemned the activity of the 
officials. 

How the inspection has been made so effective may need explana- 
tion. As has been said, the regulations are simple and the work is 
new. As a rule, young men from agricultural or medical schools, 
with the new ideas in regard to the qualities of good milk, have been 
placed in charge of the work. A sufficient number of assistants is 
provided, and samples are taken often from every wagon. The per- 
centage of fat required in the milk varies with different cities from 
3 to 3.5 per cent. In one case only was there any statement by in- 
spectors that this was higher than the producers could meet. This 
was at Jacksonville, Fla. As a rule, milk produced in the South is 
comparatively rich in fat. The inspectors at Memphis, Tenn., where 
samples were taken periodically at the barns, were of the opinion 
that a standard above 4 per cent could be enforced and no herd dis- 
qualified. The results obtained from some of these samples showed a 
verj'^ high percentage of butter fat for an entire herd. These high 
tests are very likely due to the fact that the Jersey blood predom- 
inates to a large extent in the South. At Jacksonville, however, 



16 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

there is very little Jersey blood, the native stock making up most of 
the dairy herds. How the milk from these cows tests is not known 
to the writer, but it appeared from a few observations as if the low- 
fat test of the milk sold in that city was very likely due to skimming 
or the addition of water. 

It is doubtful if any appreciable quantity of milk that is sold in 
cities having inspection contains preservatives; on the other hand, it 
is doubtful if any city without inspection receives any great quantity 
of milk free from preservatives. The climate and the methods of 
handling milk give the producer an excuse, in his opinion, for using 
preservatives, and large quantities are undoubtedly used. 

The inspection of stables is usually very strict, and it is very likely 
that the condition of the country-kept dairies around many of the 
cities is generall}^ better than that of any city north of Washington, 
D. C. The frequent visits of the inspectors have had this effect. 
Stables whitewashed, well ventilated, free from dust and cobwebs, 
and with floors thoroughly cleaned are always to be found in the 
dairies supplying some cities. 

A considerable number of Southern cities require an annual tuber- 
culin test, but ever}' city enforcing this requirement reports an unusu- 
ally low percentage of reacting, or infected, cows. For instance, at 
Birmingham, Ala., and Norfolk, Va., less than 1 per cent was reported 
to have reacted. Birmingham is in an exceedingly healthy location, 
and the almost constant outdoor exercise of cattle in the Southern 
climate would tend toward a low percentage of tuberculous cattle; 
but Norfolk can not advance this argument. A great part of the 
Norfolk dair}' cows are shipped from Baltimore. The dairy herds 
of Maryland have a high percentage of tuberculosis, and it is entirely 
improbable that none but healthy cows were shipped to Norfolk. In 
fact, the reports from all the cities showed such a low percentage as 
to bring the efficiency of the testing seriously into question by all 
scientists acquainted with the subject. 

PECULIAR COAST CONDITIONS. 

The seacoast cities present peculiarities and conditions not found 
in the dairy industry in any other part of the country. A number of 
the largest cities of the South are situated on the seacoast, and any 
problem peculiar to them is interesting. Most of these cities are built 
upon what was once the beach sand of the receding ocean. In many 
places these sandy coast plains stretch back for many miles from the 
ocean. They are covered by pine forests, but it seems that in many 
instances the forest growth has added very little to the fertility of 
the sandy soil ; especially does this seem to be the case where the 
sand reaches to any depth. In such land, which makes up a large 



MILK SUPPLT OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 17 

area, the addition of manure or fertilizer is only of temporary bene- 
fit, as it very quickly leaches out of the surface layer and away from 
the roots of the growing plants. The rains are excessive at certain 
seasons of the year and aid in this leaching process. Occasionally a 
subsoil of clay is found at a few inches to 2 feet below the surface. 
Even with the clay subsoil it seems impossible to grow crops that are 
grown farther inland, but this is a condition that may be due, to some 
extent, to the lack of knowledge on the part of the farmers. 

This naturally creates a problem of obtaining a cheap and satis- 
factory food supply for producing good milk. Under present con- 
ditions a large part of the rough feed is hay, shipped from the North 
and sold at a ^'ery high price. 

Anotlier problem is the effect of the hot, humid climate on the 
productive capacity of the coavs. It was asserted by dairymen who 
Avere apparently capable of judging that coavs brought from the 
interior to the coast shrank A'ery materially in their milk yield after 
the first year. In a couple of instances the Avriter Avent OA^er the 
situation A^ery carefully Avith the OAvners and secured minute informa- 
tion in regard to feed and care. It certainly appeared that, aside 
from the fact that the cows seldom receiA^ecl green feed, they Avere 
in condition to giA^e a maximum quantity of milk. With the combi- 
nation of loAv yield of milk and difficulty in groAving i:)aying crops, 
these cities are certainly in a very poor Avay eA^er to secure an abun- 
dant supply of satisfactory milk. 

SUGGESTIONS FOK IMPROAEMENT. 

The necessities of the seA'eral cities are enumerated later on in the 
detailed discussion of their milk supply; but a somewhat more par- 
ticular consideration is necessary regarding some features. The fol- 
lowing two evils stand out as being characteristic of the dairy in- 
dustry of the South : 

EVIL OF KEEPIJSG CO\^ S IN THE CITY. 

The first and greatest evil is that of the keeping of coavs in small 
inclosures inside the city limits. As has been stated, a great pro- 
portion of all the milk sold is from dairies thus located; and, eA^en 
Avhere the herd is outside the city, it is kept under the same condi- 
tion of close quarters and with no green feed. It is a little difficult 
to understand why these conditions are tolerated so generally as they 
are. In many places the city health boards are Avaging a vigorous 
Avar against the practice, but, as Avas stated, the interest of the 
health boards in the dairy business is ncAv, while the keeping of coavs 

21463— No. 70—05 u ^3 



18 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

in the city is long established. The manner of keeping the cows has 
such a firm hold on the people that years will be required to do away 
with it, though it is a menace to public health. Cows are naturally 
filthy, especially in wet weather, and are clean only so long as they 
are helped to be so. It is next to impossible to produce good, clean 
milk with herds kept under these conditions. By all means, all 
herds should be driven outside the limits of the cities and the family 
cow should receive the most careful attention. This would be no 
hardship to the dairymen, and would be a benefit to the city and the 
consumer. It is a mistaken idea on the part of dairymen that leads 
them to keep herds in the city. The greatest profit in dairying is 
on a farm where feed can be raised and the manure saved. 

EVIL OF DELIVEEING WARM MILK. 

The other great evil of the business in the South is the delivery 
of warm milk. At the present time this is the fault of the consum- 
ers, Avlio are the losers by the practice. The reasoning which leads 
to this practice is simple : Cows' milk spoils with age ; when it is 
fresh it is warm; therefore if it is delivered- warm it is fresh, other- 
wise it is not. The result is that during the summer very little milk 
reaches consumers that is fit for use or in condition to keep sweet for 
more than a few hours, even under the best treatment. This milk 
is three hours old on the average when it reaches the consumer. 
During the gi'eater part or all of this time it has been kept at body 
temperature or has cooled very slowly from contact with air at a tem- 
perature little lower than that of the milk. Milk has to be drawn and 
handled under very cleanly conditions in order to keep it sweet for 
more than five hours at body temperature. Much of it will spoil in 
four hours. This being true, probably three-fourths of the time 
during which the milk Avould remain sweet has been lost because it 
Avas not cooled Avhen it was drawn. 

The afternoon's milking and delivery has particularly bad treat- 
ment. The cows are milked from 12 to 2 o'clock. The wai'ui milk 
is bottled, and at about 3 o'clock the wagon starts on the delivew. 
The bottles are often exposed to a temperature of 100"" F. Frequently 
the uiilk is directly in the sun. Is it any wonder that much of this 
milk is sour by the time it reaches the consumer? 

^lilk is constantly sliii)ped to New York from a distance of more 
than 200 niik's under conditions of temperature often as severe as 
that of the Southern States, and it reaches the consumer twenty-four 
hours old and in better condition than the warm milk delivered in 
Southern cities, which are within :i miles of the place in which it is 
produced and within th.i-ee hours from the time it is drawn from the 
cow. 

Under these conditions of nearness of producer and consumer there 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERlSr CITIES. 19 

are possibilities of an ideal milk supply. This would not call for any 
g:reat amount of labor on the part of the producer. In cities where 
milk regulations have already done so much, the one thing- necessary 
is to cool the milk. Some dairymen already make some pretense at 
cooling the milk, but in very few cases is it of any benefit. The cooler 
used is one that requires ice to have any effect, and ice is not used. 
Xo attempt is made to replenish the water, wdiich soon becomes warm. 
The tjn^e of cooler needed, and the only type which will do good serv- 
ice, is similar to a coil of pipe. The cold water flows constantly 
through the coil from the bottom to the top, and the warm milk runs 
in a thin film over the surface from the top to the bottom. The milk 
is in this way cooled to very near the temperature of the fresh Avater. 
With this type of cooler the milk can easily be cooled to 70° F. in anj 
locality — often colder, depending on the temperature of the water. 
While milk at body temperature will hardly keep five hours, milk 
cooled immediately to 70° F. will keep more than twelve hours; at 
00° F. it will keep more than two days, and at 50° F. a considerably 
longer time. It should be possible Avhere ice is used for domestic pur- 
poses to deliver milk that would keep for table use until the next 
morning. This would do away with the early milking, w^hich is very 
objectionable, and it would make one delivery a day sufficient. This 
warm-milk evil is far worse than any of the conditions opposed by 
city health boards. It avouIcI be very easy to remedy this evil, and 
with the present knoAvledge of handling milk there is no possil^le 
excuse for its continuance. 

PASTEURIZATION. 

As has been Stated, there is a tendency of public opinion to favor 
pasteurization of milk. Pasteurization as applied to milk has been 
advocated for about ten years, but, for reasons concerning the 
machinery needed, it is onh'- within the last five years that it has been 
applied to a general milk supply. It can serve two purposes only in 
any locality : One purpose is to kill the disease germs present, and the 
other is to add to the length of time that the milk will keep. Of the 
disease germs, the only one at all prevalent in any milk supply is the 
one causing tuberculosis. In exceptional cases other disease germs 
may be present, and a few outbreaks of typhoid fever have been 
traced to the milk consumed. 

As regards the increased keeping qualities of the milk, there is 
ground for possible difference of opinion. Pasteurization, of course, 
kills a large percentage of the germs present, and, when rightly done, 
without doubt adds to the length of time the milk will be palatable. 
The word palatable should be emphasized. Two points need to be 
brought out here: Pasteurization, when applied to the purpose of 
keeping the milk sweet for any length of time, simply serves, as a 



20 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

rule, to cover up dirty treatment and poor care of the milk. Further- 
more, pasteurization, to be effective, must be carefully done, giving 
every attention to the detail of heating to the right temperature and 
cooling quickly to a low temperature. '\'\Tien this is not done it is 
worse than useless. Now, on these grounds, when applied to milk 
shipped from long distances and produced on farms far beyond the 
eye of the dairy inspector there is a chance that pasteurization may 
serve a useful purpose. But with the dairies furnishing the milk so 
close to the city that the inspector may make occasional visits, and 
Avith all details so thoroughly under the care of the health board, 
there is no need for pasteurization, and the cities that undertake it 
will give it up in disgust in a very few years. 

DETAILS OF THE MILK SUPPLY OF THE CITIES. 

In the following pages the cities are treated individually regarding 
details of the milk supply. The population given is that of the last 
census. The estimated amount of milk sold is based usually on the 
number of cows, though, in a few instances, the applications for 
license to sell milk were used as a basis. The estimate of the number 
of family cows was either secured from responsible citizens or based 
on tax returns. The figures are given for what they are worth, for 
either source mentioned was far from correct. In only one city, 
Charleston, had an actual count of cows been made. It would have 
been interesting to give the amount of milk consumed per capita, but 
owing to the very large and indefinite proportion of family cows such 
figures would be valueless. 

Ricliniond, Va. 

Popiilation, 85.050. Amount of milk sold daily, exclusive of that produced 
by family cows, 5,000 gallons. I'erliaps 500 family cows are kept in the city. 

The follo\Aing are the prices for dairy products sold in the city : Milk retailed 
to consumers, G to 8 cents per quart, the greater part selling for 7 cents per 
quart ; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restaurants, etc., 25 cents per gallon ; price 
paid for milk to producers by dealers, 15 cents per gallon in summer, 17 cents 
per gallon in winter ; cream containing 25 per cent of fat, .SO cents per quart 
retail, ice cream made from 20 per cent cream, .$1.25 per gallon. 

Richmond is the only city simth of the Potomac with a milk supply handled 
in any manner similar to that of the larger Northern cities. It is the only one 
of the Southern cities which has a large city milk depot, handling the greater 
part of the milk consumed by the inhabitants. The city has two such establish- 
ments owned by pri\ate iudivi-Uials. One of these depots drives twenty-five 
wagons and does a business comparing favorably in extent with the dairies of 
Northern cities. In the general i)lan of handling the milk and in modern im- 
provements these two dairies are equal or superior to the greater number of 
similar establishments in the North. The milk is handled much the same, 
tlumgh the locality influences this to .some extent. No milk is shipped a greater 
distance than 15 miles, the greater part being produced by herds kept within 



J 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 21 

driving distance of the city.a The fnrniei-s milk very early in the morning and 
afternoon and deliver the milk to the depots as soon as possible without cooling. 
Here it is immediately run over coolers, the temperature being reduced to below 
50° F. The niorning's milk is delivered in the afternoon and the evening's milk 
in the morning, the milk being at the time of delivery almost 8 hours old in 
one case and 15 hours old in the other. This is a much shorter period from 
producer to consumer than will be found in most Northern cities, and is due to 
the fact that the producers live within delivering distance of the city. As the 
milk is comparatively well handled after reaching the city dairy, the consumers 
should receive a very good article. 

In regard to the rest of the milk, delivered direct from the farms to the con- 
sumers, not so much can be said. The recently established milk inspection insures 
good quality in composition, but it is very likely, as regards the sanitary condi- 
tions of the stables and handling of the milk before it reaches the consumer, that 
there is much to be desired, as is the case in every city. It is likely that, as the 
inspection becomes more thorough, the genex-al condition of all stables will.be 
much improved. Perhaps the greatest abuse is seen in the delivery of warm 
milk. This is not so much the fault of the producer as of the consumer, but, 
wherevei- the fault lies, the health deiiartment should correct it. In Richmond 
all the milk handled by the city dejiots is practically ice cold, and this should 
have led to the practice of cooling all milk. 

The ordinance providing for a dairy inspection requires that a permit be 
taken out by retailers, such permit to be valid for such period only as the prem- 
ises are maintained in fit sanitary condition. The ordinance requires 3 per cent 
of fat in the miVlv, and milk cans containing skinunilk are to be plainly labeled. 
Three insi)ectors are kept employed. The analyses made of the milk by the 
inspectors before and after the oi-dinance weiit into effect show that regulation 
was badly needed, as the milk had e^■idently been of very poor quality. 

The dairy business in this city has gone through a gradual development. The 
city milk depots are not old concerns. Prior to their establishment the milk 
was sold direct from the dairy farms ; in fact, it has not been many years since 
nearly every family in the city that was able to do so kept its own cow. The 
cream trade in the city is comparativelj- new, five years ago there being no 
cream whatever sold. 

As has been pointed out. no warm milk should be allowed to be delivered in 
the city. Producers should be required to use milk coolers. It might be well 
for all the milk to be bottled, at least when customers demand it. At the pres- 
ent time very little, if any, bottled milk is sold, the can with a faucet at the 
bottom being used in nearly all cases. Dairy cows should not be allowed to be^ 
kept in the city. The groceries should not be allowed to handle milk. Rich- 
mond is the only Southern city that has this sort of milk trade, and it is so 
great a source of evil that it should not be tolerated. 

Norfolk and Portsmoutli, Va. 

Population : Norfolk, 4(),024 ; Portsmouth, 17,427. Amount of milk sold daily, 
exclusive of that produced by family cows, 2,000 gallons. Number of family 
cows, not estimated. 

The following are the prices for dairy products : Milk retailed to consumers, 
S to 10 cents per quart; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restaurants, etc., 20 to 25 
cents per gallon ; price paid for milk to producers by dealers,'/ 20 cents per gal- 
lon ; ice cream of doubtful qualitj', from .$1 to $4 per gallon; buttermilk retail*^ 

o Some ci'eam is shipped from Washington, and some from Baltimore. 
6 Only a very little milk is thus handled, as the greater part is sold directly " 
from the producing dairies. 



22 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

to consuinei's at 5 cents per quart. There is no trade in cream except for a small 
(]uantity that is shipped in for ice cream making. 

Norfolk is the only city in the South where the dairymen have a valid excuse 
for not feeding and keeping cows as they are kept in the hetter dairy districts. 
This city is situated in one of the great trucking sections of the United States, 
and the land that could otherwise be devoted to raising feed for dairy cows is 
held at $300 to $1,000 an acre. This is too valuable land to be iised for raising 
feed for dairy cows. The only alternatives are to ship milk from a distance, 
which, with the present state of dairy knowledge in the South, would be imprac- 
ticable, or to confine the herds on comparatively small areas and feed almost 
wholly on imported foods. The latter course has been adopted, though in a few 
instances a small area of the valuable trucking land is utilized for growing 
silage corn, which furnishes a portion of the feed. 

The milk when it reaches the consumer is almost fresh, as the milking is done 
at an early enough hour in the morning to allow the fresh milk to be' delivered 
in time for breakfast. A number of the better dairymen cool the milk before 
delivering, though much of the milk is delivered warm. About half of the retail 
milk is bottled, and the health office is very strict in enforcing the regulation 
against refilling bottles on the route. Before the' ordinance in regard to dairy 
inspection and the use of preservatives went into effect Norfolk received much of 
its milk from Baltimore, but at the present time the milk is all produced within 
n miles of the city. An indefinite number of cows were kept for private use in 
the city limits. But the entire milk product is much below the actual require- 
ments of the city and the shortage is made up by a heavy sale of condensed milk. 

The milk sold in Norfolk is of very good quality, comparatively, owing to two 
causes — one being the fact of a comprehensive inspection ordinance well admin- 
istered, and the other the influence of a couple of very fine dairies that have 
set a rather high standard, which must be met partially by all other dairymen 
doing a competitive business. These two dairies are the equal in all respects to 
many of the so-called sanitary dairies of the North. 

The ordinance providing for the inspection of milk and dairies of Norfolk 
I'equires the milk to contain 3 per cent of fat and that certain conditions be ob- 
served in regard to cleanliness around the stables and milk houses, the inspector 
having the power to revoke licenses where these conditions are not complied 
with. The ordinance further provides that all cows furnishing milk in the city 
are to be tuberculin tested. Under this order over 1.100 cows have been tested. 
There is a chance for question as to the thoroughness of this test, since less than 
30 of the 1,100 cows responded to the test. Portsmouth differs from Norfolk in 
having no insi)ection law. but as in many instances the same dairies supply milk 
to the two cities it is thought advisable to consider the two together. 

Newport News, Va. 

No regular study was made of the milk situation in Newport News, but inqui- 
ries were made, and, as this city lies across the James River from Norfolk and 
rortsmoutli, it is interesting to make some c(mq)arisons. The milk retailed in 
Newport News does not have an envialtlc reputation for (juality. This is due 
to two causes. The city lias no millv inspection, and the dairymen do alnmt as 
tliey see fit. And, again, no dairyman has as yet undertaken to sui)i)ly the city 
with good milk, as lias l)cen tlie case in Norfolk. The i)eople have made an 
effort to secure such a dairy, wiiich would show tliat the present cimdition is not 
wholly the consiuners' fault. I'rices and other conditions are about the same as 
in Norfolk. It is obvious that the city needs an ordinance regulating the pro- 
duction and sale of milk, as no city is likely to secure good milk without such an 
ordinance. 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 23 

Lynchburg, Va. 

Population, 18,891. Amount of milk sold daily in city, exclusive of that pro- 
duced by family cows, 400 gallons. Number of family cows kept in city esti- 
mated at 200. 

Tlie following are the prices for dairy products : Milk, retail to consumers, C^ 
to 8 cents per quart; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restaurants, etc., lOf to 25 
cents per gallon ; ice cream of very poor quality, $1 per gallon. There is no 
cream trade in the city. 

The amount of milk given as consumed daily was approximated by getting the 
number of cows that supply the city with milk and estimating the yield per cow. 
About 250 cows are kept in dairies for the city trade. Of these, 150 produce the 
milk for the strictly retail trade and the others supply hotels and restaurants. 
Some milk was, of course, sold to neighboring families from most of the family 
cows. A liberal estimate for the millc actually consumed for domestic purposes 
would be about GOO gallons per day. This is an exceedingly small amount per 
capita compared with Northern cities. Why such a small amount of milk should 
be consumed is difficult to determine when we consider the fact that the counti-y 
around Lynchburg is much better adapted to dairy farming than to any other 
agricultural pursuit, being very I'ough and difficult of cultivation. This small 
consumption may be due either to the fact that no more milk can be obtained or 
to the small demand. In some of the Southern cities the demand exceeds the 
supply, while, on the other hand, some that consume the least per capita seem 
to have all the milk that can be used. 

In regard to the prices of the various dairy products quoted, it might be said 
that all the dairymen state that they are receiving 8 cents per quart for all 
retail milk sold, but there is evidence of considerable cutting from this price. 
The ice cream sold is evidently not of extra quality, being in all probability 
made from condensed milk or so-called evaporated cream. Nearly all of the 
milk sold in Lynchburg is bottled immediately as it comes from the cow and 
is delivered warm. The milking is done shortly after midnight and early in 
the afternoon, and two deliveries are made each day. 

Lynchburg has no milk inspection, and there is considerable complaint of 
watered and skinnned milk. Most of the dairies supplying the retail trade are 
within the city limits, having verj^ small yards for the cattle to run in. The sta- 
bles are poor affairs, little or no bedding is used, and no effort is made to keep the 
cows clean. In a wet season and in winter the conditions must be miserable in 
the extreme. It is just possible that these conditions account partially for the 
small amount of milk consumed. This city needs to have its milk supply regu- 
lated by the health department. This would be the first step in securing good 
milk. At one time a company shii)ped niilk to Lynchbui'g from Orange County, 
Va., but it did not give satisfaction anrl the company soon failed. 

Danville, Va. 

Popidation, 1G,520. Amount of milk sold in city daily, exclusive of that pro- 
duced by family cows, 350 gallons. Number of family cows kept in city not 
estimated. 

The following are the prices for dairy products sold in the city : Milk, retail 
to consumers, 5 cents a pint. Si cents per quart ; milk in gallon lots to hotels, 
restaurants, etc., 20 cents per gallon in summer, 24 cents per gallon in winter ; 
cream containing 20 per cent fat, 40 cents per quart retail; buttermilk, retail 
to consumers, 10 to 20 cents per gallon. 

No milk is shipped into Danville, but some pasteurized cream is shipped from 
Blacksburg. The dairies that supply the city with milk are all outside of the 



24 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

fity limits, and most of the dairymen attempt to raise a large part of the rough 
feed given the cows. As the cows have plenty of yard room, and most of them 
are jiastured in the growing season, they are in good condition as regards clean- 
liness during most of the year. A few of the stables and daily houses were 
visited by the writer and appeared to be kept clean. One dairj- especially was 
kept very clean, and it was very evident that it furnished good milk. 

1 The city has recently established milk inspection, and one man devotes the 
greater part of his time to this work. The milk is required to show 3 per cent 
fat. Owing to the fact that there are but about fifteen dairies supplying milk 
to the city, and perhaps as many wagons delivering milk in the city, the one 
inspector finds it easy to make frequent collections of samples and in this way 
keep the milk to a very high standard. The city requires that not more than 
two cows be kept in any one place in the city and this prevents the city dairy. 
All cows in herds supplying milk to the city are required to be tuberculin 
tested ; but as no animals have responded there may be some question as to the 
thoroughness of this test. The ordinance states that dairy barns are to be regu- 
larly inspected, but as yet no funds have been provided to enforce this part of 
the work. The cows, as a rule, seem to be very well fed ; and the opinion was 
expressed that in an attempt to improve the quality of the milk many of the 
dairymen were feeding more grain than they had previous to the inauguration 
of the inspection service. About half the milk retailed in the city is bottled. A 
few of the dairymen run the milk over a cooler and aerator before bottling. The 
rest of the milk is delivered warm, the milking being done in time to allow of the 

,-milk reaching, the. consumer before meals, morning and evening. 

There is a great and insistent demand for good milk in Danville, owing to the 
fact, perhaps, that a few of the citizens have preached the doctrine of pure milk 
until the consumiilg public has become educated. In this city the people seem' 
anxious for the establishment of a sanitary dairy and are willing to pledge them- 
selves to its support. There is always a shortage of milk excei)t, perhaps, in 
June. In the fall and winter there is never enough milk to supply the demands 

of the people. 

Wilmington, N. C. 

Population, 20,07G. Amount of milk sold in city daily, exclusive of that pro- 
duced by family cows, 200 gallons. A large number of family cows kept, esti- 
mated at tuore than 400. 

The following are the prices for dairy products sold in the city : Milk, retail 
to consumers, 10 cents per quart ; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restaurants, etc., 

25 cents per gallon; cream containing 35 per cent fat. GO cents i)er quart retail; 
ice cream of doubtful quality. ."?1.50 per gallon; buttermilk, retail to consumers, 
20 cents i)er gallon. 

The supply of milk in relation to the demand can l)e judged from the state- 
ment of a hotel i»roprietor that no ditticulty is ever experienced in getting plenty 
of milk. On the other hand, a large condensed milk trade is reported, many 
saying that they ])refer it to the fresh milk for most domestic purposes. The 
cream trade is very small. The consumers demand that the buttermilk contain 
a small number of butter granules as an indication of good faith. This demand 
is n)et by churning a little ci-eam at a low tenq)erature so that the butter would 
come in finely granular form. a)id adding this to the sour milk. 

The retail trade in milk in Wilmington is said to be a growth of the last ten 
years; jn-ior to that time the fity was entirely supplied with milk from family 
cows. The dairy busiTiess is s.iid to be increasing rapidly, and the number of 
family cows decreasing correspondingly. This city is in a great trucking section 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 25 

and the land near the city is therefore very valuable. As a result, cows are fed 
largely on imported feeds, mostly on cotton-seed hulls and cotton-seed meal. 
There is no city inspection, and because of this fact there is possibly a large pro- 
portion of water and sliiuunillv sold. On the other hand, one of the best 
dairies in the South supplies millv to the Wilmington market. This dairy keeps 
about 100 cows. The owner had unusually good knowledge in regard to feeding 
and how to care for milk, and all the practices common to the so-called sanitary 
dairy barns were in force in his barns. The cows were kept very clean, the 
udders were washed, milkers wore clean suits, and the milk was cooled and 
bottled in a model dairy room. 

All of the milk sold in the city is bottled, but much of it is bottled warm. 
Cows are milked in the morning in time to permit the milk to be delivered for 
breakfast. 

Wilmington is badly in need of a daii-y and milk inspection. 

Raleigh, N. C. 

Population, 13,643. Amount of milk sold in city daily, exclusive of that pro- 
duced by family cows, ir»0 gallons. Family cows kept in the city number 
about 300. 

The following are the prices for dairy products sold in the city : Milk, retail 
to consumers, 7 to S cents per quart ; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restaurants, 
etc., 20 to 25 cents per gallon ; cream containing 20 per cent of fat, 25 cents 
per quart retail ; 30 jier cent fat, 40 cents per quart retail ; ice cream of doubt- 
ful quality, $1 to $2 per gallon ; buttermilk, 10 cents per gallon retail. 

Though it is evident that very little milk is consumed in the city, it is stated 
that very little condensed milk is sold. The people, never having been accus- 
tomed to the use of milk, do not feel its need. Very little cream is sold, but, 
on the other hand, there was a good demand for ice cream, though it is doubtful 
if any ice cream of the best quality is to be had at any price. A peculiarity of 
the dairy trade is the very low price at which 20 per cent cream sells compared 
with the retail price for milk, and this, too. when the supply of cream compared 
with the demand is said to be very short. The demand for buttermilk is 
also much greater than the supply, though buttermilk sells at a much lower 
figure than in most cities of the South. 

One dairyman in Raleigh has bought all the dairies. The cows, such as he 
wanted to keep, were moved to a farm 2 miles from the city. The milk was 
to be cooled and bottled on the farm. The danger where one dairy supplies all 
the milk for a city the size of Raleigh, and where there are no city regulations 
to control the quality of the supply, lies in the fact that lack of competition is 
s^ery likely to lead to poor methods. Raleigh has a great amount of land lying 
near the city which can be bought at a reasonable price and which could sup- 
l)ort dairy cows to great advantage. There should be more dairies, and the 
city should have some control over the quality of the milk delivered. 

Greensboro, N. C. 

Population, 10,035. Amount of milk sold in city daily, exclusive of that pro- 
duced by family cows, 200 gallons. Family cows kept in city, estimated 
at 325. 

The following are the prices for dairy products sold in the city : Milk, retail 
to consumers, 6 to 8 cents per quart ; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restaurants, 
t'tc, 17 to 20 cents per gallon ; cream of poor quality, 25 cents per quart retail ; 
ice cream of poor quality, $1 per gallon ; buttermilk, 10 cents per gallon retail. 



26 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Most of the milk retailed in Greensboro is bottled, and it is reported that 
nearly all of the dairymen have milk coolers. But there seems to be no demand 
lor good milk. The city maintains no milk or dairy inspection, and the health 
office takes no interest in this work, but the dairy barns seem to be kept in 
7ery fair condition. All of the herds supplying milk to the city are outside of 
the city limits, and are kept on farms where a large part of the rough feed is 
raised and pasture is provided. There seems to be a demand for more milk 
than can be procured for the retail trade of the city ; but, notwithstanding 
this fact, one or two dairymen have discontinued a retail business on account 
of some discouragements, and are getting much less for their milk than could 
be secured at retail. 

Charleston, S. C. 

Population, 55,807. Amount of milk sold in city dally, exclusive of that pro- 
duced by city-kept cows, 300 gallons. Cows kept in the city number about 750, 
but not all of these are. strictly speaking, family cows. 

The following are the prices for dairy products sold in the city : Milk, retail 
to consumers, 8 to 10 cents per quart; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restaurants, 
etc., 24 cents per gallon ; price of milk paid to producers by retailers, 10 cents 
per gallon ; cream containing IS per cent of fat, 25 cents per quart retail ; ice 
cream of questionable quality, $1 to $2 per gallon; buttermilk, 5 cents per 
quart retail. 

Charleston has two dairies which buy the milk from farms near the city and 
do a retail business. One of these handles the milk from about 150 cows, most 
of which are kept on one farm, which is under the supervision of the manager 
of the city dairy. Two wagons are required for the delivery service. The 
other dairy handles the milk from 160 cows kept on a number of small farms, 
and a push-cart business is done exclusively. Both of these dairies bottle a 
part of the milk, and it is claimed that practically all of the milk is cooled, or 
at least run over a cooler, when it is milked. It appears that the milk is fairly 
well cared for in most instances, and consumers unite in the opinion that no 
skimming or watering is resorted to. 

A peculiar condition arises from the fact that Charleston has naturally two 
sources of milk supply. As has been stated, the milk retailed by the two large 
dairies is as good as that sold to the greater part of the trade in any Northern 
city, while the milk sold frojn the city cows is of very doubtful quality. The 
retail prices given for milk in the city wei"e 8 and 10 cents per quart. The 8 
cents per quart was realized by the dairies furnishing the good milk, while the 
10 cents was paid for the milk from the city cows. This is due to two distinct 
causes. One is the lack of Ivuowledge on the part of the consumers ; the other 
is the fact that most of the city-kept herds are owned by formerly well-to-do 
residents who have adopted this means of making a living. Thus sentiment 
operates largely in making the discrimination in price.s. What Charleston 
needs mostly is the education of the consumers to the \nnnt where they can 
realize the advantages of good milk and the menace to the health that is in 
poor milk and the city dairy herds. 

Charleston receives an unusually large proportion of its milk supply from cows 
kept within the city limits. The health officer claims there are from 500 to 
(iOO such cows, but the manager of one of the dairies before referred to made a 
count of the cows in the city, and said that there were 8.50. There are reasons 
to l)elieve that the manager's count was more nearly nc(urat(» than the i'ej)()rt 
of the health office. These cows are kept in numbers running all the way from 
1 to 1.5. They are found in nil parts of the city, the best residence portion not 
being exempt. The health olHcer has waged vigoious war against these herds 
with a view to having them forced out. Up to date he has merely succeeded in 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 27 

obtaining an ordinance requiring the stables to have board floors and a certain 
degree of cleanliness as regards the disposal of the manure. In this last mat- 
ter, however, the health office is liaving difficulty in securing the enforcement 
of its demands. The quality of the milk arising fi*om these conditions can not 
be good, and the menace to the health of the city caused by dairy herds being 
kept in the center of densely populated districts can not be overdrawn. The 
health office is certainly justified in its efforts to banish the dairy cow from 
the city. The health officer reports that so far as he can determine, there has 
been no decrease in the number of cows kept in the city during the last few 
years. The people seem to cling to the old system. On the other hand, the 
dairymen give figures that tend to show that the amount of milk sold from the 
herds outside of the city is constantly Increasing. This no doubt is taking 
the place of the condensed milk formerly used in the city, a large trade in this 
commodity being reported. The growth of the dairy industry as related to the 
production of milk on dairy farms has been a growth of comparatively few 
years. 

Columbia, S. C. 

Population, 21,108. Amount of milk sold in city daily, exclusive of that pro- 
duced by family cows, 2.10 gallons. No estimate of number of family cows 
could be secured. 

The following are the prices for dairy products sold in the city : Milk, retailed 
to consumers, 7, 8, and 10 cents per quart ; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restau- 
rants, etc., 24 cents per gallon ; cream containing 30 per cent fat, 50 cents per 
quart i-etail ; ice cream made from condensed milk, 40 cents per quart ; butter- 
milk, 10 cents per gallon retail. 

About 250 cows, kept in dairies outside of the city, supply the milk sold. One 
of the.se dairies has 150 cows and does a good business, everything being kept 
very clean, and the milk is cooled Ijcfore bottling. The other dairies each keep 
a small number of cows, and not much attention is paid to producing good milk ; 
the milk from these dairies is bottled warm. Two deliveries per day are made, 
the cows being milked soon after midnight and again soon after noon. 

It is impossible to make any estimate of the nuhiber of family cows kept in 
the city, as men who should be acquainted with the condition varied in their 
counts so much as to make their estimates entirely worthless. It is very likely, 
however, that the usual number of cows common to the cities of the South will 
be found in Columbia, though there are no herds kept inside of the limits. 

There is a demand for more milk than the dairies can supply. Very little 
cream is sold, and the ice cream was reported to be made mostly from condensed 
and evaporated milk products, though a very high price is charged. There is 
no milk inspection. 

Spartanburg, S. C. 

Population, 11,395. Spartanburg in its dairying is characteristic of many 
Southern towns of about the same size in that practically all of the milk used 
in the city comes from family cows. There is but one dairy doing a retail busi- 
ness, and, so far as can be determined, it was leading a very precarious exist- 
ence. Up to the present summer thei-e were two dairies, one of 12 and the other 
of 25 cows, but the smaller of the two discontinued business. The larger dairy 
herd is made up of Jerseys, and the owner supplies pretty good milk. He sells 
to hotels at 20 cents a gallon, and in quart quantities at 6 cents. Cream for ice 



28 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

cream is shipped from Biltmore, N. C, and ice cream sells at $1.50 to $2.50 per 
gallon. A small coiideused milk trade is reported. No estimate of the number 
of family cows can be made, but it is evidently not large. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Population, 82,872. Amount of milk sold in the city daily, exclusive of that 
produced by family cows, 5,000 gallons. No estimate of number of family cows 
can be secured. 

The following are the prices of dairy products sold in the city : Milk, retailed 
to consumers, 7 to 10 cents per quart ; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restaurants, 
etc., 20 cents per gallon ; price paid for milk to producers by dealers, 15 to 20 
(■ents per gallon; cream, containing 25 per cent fat, 40 cents per quart retail, $1 
}ier gallon wholesale ; ice cream, $1.20 to $3.20 per gallon ; buttermilk, 12 J cents a 
gallon. 

Atlanta is supplied with milk from 10 dairies that buy milk from dairy farms 
and do a retail business, and by about 300 small dairy herds located Inside of 
and near the city limits. In addition to this there is one concern that does 
strictly a wholesale business, selling to smaller dealers and to hotels. This is 
run in connection with a dairy farm located near the city, which keeps 200 cows, 
and in addition to this a considerable amount of milk is bought from dairy farms. 
The dairies which do a retail business drive from one to three wagons only. 
Some of the milk which supplies these dairies comes from four farms as far 
away as 35 miles ; but most of it is produced on farms within 10 to 15 miles of 
the city. Some of the milk from the nearer farms is hauled in by wagons 
which make the trip twice a da.v, and some by railway trains, but most of it is 
carried by an electric road which runs about 15 miles from the city, shipments 
being made twice a day on both the steam railroad and the electric road- 

The unusually large number of dairies inside of the city limits licensed to do 
a retail business are, as a rule, quite small, running from 2 to 10 cows each. In 
addition to these small lioi-ds is an undeterminable number of cows kept for 
family use. No estimaie as to the actual number of such cows could be made by 
the health office that had general supervision of the dairy work, but it was said 
lo be large, and very likely ran up well into the hundreds. 

Atlanta has a pretty extensive milk inspection that reaches to all farms pro- 
ducing milk for the city. One inspector looks after the quality of the milk sold 
and one visits the stables and looks after the general sanitary conditions affect- 
ing the herds. The city requires that the milk shall contain 3 per cent of fat, 
and all the dairymen doing a retail business are emphatic in testifying that this 
regulation is rigidly enforced. The inspector having charge of the city work 
seems to be particularly active, and sanqjles are taken from the milk of all 
dairies very often. The health office seemed to be very strict with the milk 
from herds inside of the city limits, and it is reported that the number of such 
herds is constantly decreasing owing to the activity of the inspectors. The city 
legulations require that a certain degree of cleanliness shall be observed in the 
barns and that all cows furnishing milk for the city trade receive good water. 
The country inspector rei)orts that iiractically all milk sent to the city is run 
over a cooler as it is milked. The greater part of the milk sold in the city is 
bottled. No preservatives are used, and the milk from the country dairies is 
about twelve hours old when it reaches the consumers. 

A few years ago a large dairy company was organized in Atlanta to handle the 
letail l)usine.ss of the city. This conq)any for a time handled 2..500 gallons of 
milk daily and drove about twenty wagons. After being in business for a short 
time it failed, but was taken up by new men and did business for a few mouths, 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 29 

finally failing again, and being entirely abandoned in 1903. The milk dealers 
of the city think that the failure was due to the inexperience of the raen having 
the business in charge, as the company controlled the business of the city for a 
short time. 

In 1903 the press of Atlanta undertook a crusade against poor milk, and public 
sentiment was worked up to an unusual degree. This sentiment seemed to 
have taken a turn toward having all of the milk sold in the city pasteurized. 
It is very unfortunate for the welfare of the city that this could not have been 
turned into other channels, such, for instance, as the prohibition of city dairies 
and city-kept family cows, which are a serious menace to the health of the city, 
and to a demand that all milk sold in the city be cooled to a reasonable tem- 
perature as soon as it was milked. 

Savannah, Ga. 

Population. 54,244. It is impossible to get any estimate as to the amount of 
milk sold daily or the number of family cows kept in the city. 

The following are the prices for dairy products : Milk, retail to consumer, 
7 to 8s cents per quart ; milk in gallon lots to hotels, restaurants, and ice cream 
makers, 25 cents a gallon. 

Accurate information concerning many features of the milk supply of Savan- 
nah is most difficult to obtain. No one man seems to know in a general way 
what is being done in the dairy business outside of his own particular trade. 
There is no milk oi- dairy inspection, and the health office has not investigated 
the milk situation. Some of tlie doctors of the town have agitated the sanitary 
side of the. question, but the movement is new and the information to be obtained 
is rather general. 

As was stated, Savannah has no milk inspection, and there appears to be 
plenty of evidence that advantage was taken of this fact to skim, water, and 
use preservatives in the milk. A large part of the milk for the retail trade is 
bottled. Most of the dairymen own and claim to use milk coolers, but very 
little investigation was required to show that the use of coolers is not well under- 
stood. In fact, aside from the questionable benefit to be derived from aeration, 
it is likely, considering the poor care that is taken of the cooler and the dirty 
surroundings, that the milk would be much better if bottled warm. Two 
deliveries per day are made, and the milking is done at midnight and noon, 
allowing the fresh milk to be delivered. 

The herds that supply Savannah with milk are mostly kept near the out- 
skirts of the city and within the city limits. A few of the small herds are 
within thickly populated residence districts, and the family cows are found in 
numbers in all portions of the city. No pasture is available for any of the city 
dairies, and, as there is no milk inspection, the barns and yards are kept in 
poor, even miserable, condition in many cases. Even the dairies which were 
not in the city limits have so little land that no attempt is made to pasture 
the cows, cotton-seed hulls and meal being almost the entire dependence for 
feeds. The land is sandy and feed is not easily grown, and, moreover, the 
herds are all so near the city that the land which they occupy is too valuable 
to be used extensively for raising feed and pasturing cows. 

There is Very little cream trade in Savannah, and the cream used for 
making ice cream is shipped on ice from Spencerville. The city has plenty of 
milk, such as it is, and a large surplus is reported for the spring, when most of 
the cows are fresh, and in summer, when a large part of the milk-consuming 
population is gone because of the hot weather. 

Savannah needs a milk-inspection system very badly. The size of the city, 



30 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

the climate, and the conditions of the situation of the city make this imperative 
ahuost for the welfare of the city. So little dependence can be put on the milk 
that very few of the infants are fed on this ordinarily best substitute for natural 
food, condensed milk being preferred by physicians. When the city has a milk 
inspection it will be time to discuss other Improvements which ought to be made. 
These possible improvements embrace the entire detail of handling milk for a 
sanitary supply, for at the present time there is nothing to commend in the milk 
situation as it is found in Savannah. 

Augusta, Ga. 

Population, 39,441. Milk sold daily, not including that produced by family 
cows, 600 gallons. Family cows kept in the city, about 500. 

The following are the prices for dairy products : Milk, retail to consumers, 
6 to 10 cents per quart; cream containing 25 per cent of fat retails at 40 cent? 
])er quart, and sells in gallon lots at $1.20 per gallon; milk in gallon lots to 
hotels and restaurants, 20 to 30 cents per gallon ; ice cream, $1.50 per gallon ; 
buttermilk, 12 to 15 cents per gallon. 

At the time the writer visited the city Augusta had just passed an ordinance 
for milk and dairy inspection, requiring that the milk contain 3 per cent of 
butter fat and that certain conditions in reference to the cleanliness of the 
stables be observed. This had not become operative as yet, and it was impos- 
sible to teil what effect it would have on the milk supply. Considering the 
fact that the city had never had any form of dairy inspection, it was getting 
exceedingly good milk. Practically all of the dairies furnishing milk for the 
trade were visited, and, considering that few of the cows were furnished 
pastures, they were admirably kept, the stables in which the milking was done 
being clean and the cows in excellent condition. This unusual condition can 
be accounted for by the fact that there is a very healthy and keen rivalry 
among the dairymen, each striving to furnish the cleanest and richest milk, a 
strong element in the situation being the presence of a very fine Jersey herd 
owned and managed by a man having a good knowledge of sanitary milk. 

The greater part of the milk sold in the city is bottled So far as can be 
determined, the delivery of this bottled milk when warm is the onlj"- serious 
fault of the milk supply of the city. Two deliveries per day are made, the 
milking being done at early hours in the morning and afternoon. The herds, 
with one or two exceptions, are kept on the outskirts of the city, but they are 
in no instance cramped for yard room for exex'cise, and they are so far away 
from the residences as not to be a menace to the health of the city. Practically 
all of the rough feed is produced on the dairy farms, and green feed is fed 
largely in summer. 

There is a good demand in Augusta for milk, and the dairymen all agree 
that much more milk could be sold than is now produced. This is particularly 
true in the winter, when several large winter-resort hotels are open for about 
four months, and this is a period of the year when the least milk is available. 
A considerable condensed milk trade is reported. 

Macon, Ga. 

Population, 23,272. Amount of milk sold daily, not including that produced 
by family cows, 800 gallons. Number of family cows kept is large, but no 
estimate secured. 

The following are the prices for dairy products: Milk, retail to consumers, 
6 to 8 cents per quart; milk in gallon lots to hotels and restaurants, 20 to 25 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 31 

cents per gallon; cream containing 25 per cent of fat, 40 cents per quart retail; 
buttermilk, 10 to 15 cents per gallon ; ice cream, $1.25 to $2 per gallon. 

The city limits of Macon are very restricted and have not been extended for 
many years. It is claimed that a population of about 50,000 live within a 
radius of 3 miles of the center of the city, and it is very likely that this is 
near the real population of the city. 

Macon has no milk inspection, but milk is furnished from one large herd of 
Jerseys that comes near in quality to the so-called sanitary milk of Noithern 
cities. Most of the milk sold in the city is first cooled, though it is likely that 
the cooling in many instances is not well done. Part of the milk is bottled. 
In summer the milking is done at early hours and the milk delivered twice a 
day, even though it has been cooled. Macon needs milk inspection. 

Jacksonville, Fla. 

Population. 28,429. Milk sold in the city, about 500 gallons daily. 

The following are the prices for dairy products: Milk, retail to consumers, 
8 to 10 cents per quart ; in gallon lots to hotels, 25 to 30 cents ; ice cream, $1.50 
per gallon. 

The source of the milk supply of Jacksonville is different in some respects 
from that of any other city of the size in the United States. Jacksonville is 
south of the region where Jersey blood predominates in dairy cattle. One of 
the dairymen that supply the city has a number of Jersey cows, but nearly all 
of the other herds are of the small-bodied type of cattle common to the Southern 
pine lands. This type of cattle is a very light milker, and it is claimed in Jack- 
sonville that the milk is not of very good quality. These cattle are allowed to 
roam through the woods near the city, and, owing to the climate, they secure 
gi'een pasture throughout the entire year and are never stabled. There are great 
areas of unfenced timbered land near enough to the city to afford pasture for 
all of the cows kept for the city milk trade. 

Jacksonville has an ordinance requiring milk to have 3.5 per cent of fat, but 
the health officer says that it is impossible to enforce this provision of the law 
because, as he claims, the cljmate makes it impossible to produce milk with this 
percentage of fat. The writer has seen nothing in the South that would lead 
to the belief that the climate affects the fat content of the milk. In fact, all 
evidence gained from a number of sources goes to show that milk richer in but- 
ter fat is produced in the South, as a rule, than in the North. The peculiar 
type of cow found around Jacksonville and common to all the Southern pine 
lands may or may not produce milk of average composition. No evidence on 
this question is obtainable. 

Part of the milk sold in the city is bottled and part of it is cooled, but most of 
the milk is delivered warm twice a day from cans. There is no cream trade, 
and the creain used for ice cream was said to be shipped from Tennessee. No 
family cows are kept in the city, owing to the cheapness of pasture so near the 
city. 

Jacksonville needs more rigorous inspection, and the dairymen should be com- 
pelled to use coolers. The city has a climate which makes a good milk supply 
very difficult to obtain, but milk as it is now sold could be greatly improved. 

WINTER HOTEL MILK SUPPLY. 

In connection with the discussion of Jacksonville's milk supply, it may be of 
interest to note a report from Jacksonville that the well-known winter-resort 
hotels located at intervals from St. Augustine for a considerable distance along 
the Atlantic coast have a peculiar method of securing good milk. This climate 



32 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

would, of course, be \erj hard on cows in the summer, and, moreover, there 
would be no occasion for cows being kept there in summer, as the places are 
practicallj- dei)opulated. To )ueet these conditions, the owner of the hotels owns 
herds of cows that are shipped into the southern part of Georgia and Alabama 
for the summer, and a short time before the resorts open are shipped back to the 
hotels. 

Pensacola, Fla. 

Population, 17,747. Milk sold daily in the city, 400 gallons. 

The following are the prices for dairy products : Milk, retail to consumers, 10 
cents per «iuart ; in gallon lots to hotels, 85 cents per gallon ; cream with 25 per 
cent fat, 40 to 50 cents per quart ; ice cream, $2 and up per gallon ; buttermilk, 
25 cents per gallon. A very heavy trade in condensed milk is reported. 

Pensacola is the only city visited where the people are emphatic in stilt- 
ing that not enough milk is to be had to supply their needs. As noted above, 
prices for dairy products were very high, but poor stock, unfavorable climate, 
inability to grow paying quantities of feed, etc., all combine to keep the supply 
much below the demand. It was reported that a Government hospital located 
near Pensacola was desirous of getting 200 quarts of milk per day, but found 
it impossible to secure the quantity required. There was very little cream trade 
in the city, and cream for ice cream was shipped from Tennessee' and North 
Carolina at very high prices. 

Pensacola has no milk inspection, and the milk sold is very poor both in com- 
position and from a sanitary standpoint. It is quite evident that much of the 
milk sold is watered or skimmed. Most of the milk is delivered warm and much 
of it is not even strained. The demand, coupled with the fact tliat there is no 
inspection, makes it possible to dispose of a very poor article of milk. 

Not many family cows are kept in the city, though a few of the herds supply- 
ing milk to the city were kept inside the corporation limits. An effort is being 
made to get these herds removed. Very few of the herds had any space for 
exercise. Practically all of the cattle are fed on imported feeds, owing par- 
tially to the poor soil. 

The only recommendation that can be offered for the improvement of the sup- 
ply is that an inspection ordinance l)e passed, and that it be directed toward 
securing sanitary milk as well as that having a certain standard of butter fat. 

Montgomery, Ala. 

Population. 30,34(5. Milk sold in the city daily, not including product of 
family cows, 600 gallons; cream, 30 gallons. Family cows kept in the city, 
between 300 and 400. 

The following are the prices for dairy products in the city: Milk, retail to 
consumers. 0} cents per quart; in gallon lots to hotels and restaurants, 15 to 20 
cents per gallon; cream containing 25 per cent of fat retails at 40 cents per 
quart; ice cream sells at .'pl.25 to !fl.50 per gallon: buttermilk, 10 to 15 cents 
per gallon. 

Montgomery has a very thorough milk inspection and stringent laws govern- 
ing the sale of dairy products. The milk is recjuired to show 3.5 per cent of 
fat; and, as sanqiles of milk are taken from every dairy about every week, the 
dairymen are forced to live up to the requirements of the law very strictly. The 
writer saw a lot of the samples from different dairies tested, and it was a matter 
of some surprise to note the relatively high percentage of fat. 

The dairy inspection includes the herds, stables, and yards. All cows milked 
for the city supply arc required to be tuberculin tested, and must be furnished 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 38 

well water or water from a good running stream. Stables are required to be 
whitewashed and cobwebs sa^ ept down ; and a number of stables that could not 
be kept in good condition were condemned. Practically all of the herds supply- 
ing milk for the retail trade are kept outside of the city limits with plenty of 
room. Some have pasture and many receive green feeds iu the summer. The 
number of cows kept in the city is said to be decreasing. 

Most of the milk sold in the city is bottled, and part of it is cooled at the time 
of milking, the rest being delivered warm. Two deliveries per day are made, 
and the milk is but a few hours old when it reaches the consumer. The city 
seems to be getting all of the milk required for the demand ; some cream was 
shipped to Pensacola. 

Montgomery has a very good milk supply — as good or better than will be 
found in the greater number of cities of the same size in the North. This is 
largely due to the activity of the inspector and to the support the law officers 
give him. The only faults that can he found are with the keeping of family 
cows in the city and the delivery of warm milk. 

Birmingham, Ala. 

Population, 38,415. Milk sold in the city daily, not including product of fam- 
ily cows, 800 gallons ; cream sold, .50 gallons. Family cows kept in the city, 
estimated at .500. 

The following are the prices paid for milk products in Birmingham : Milk, 
retail, to consumers, 6 to 10 cents per quart; to hotels, 20 to 25 cents per gallon ; 
paid to producers for milk by dealers, 20 cents per gallon : cream containing 25 
per cent of fat sells to consumers at 40 cents per quart ; ice cream made from 
cream containing 20 per cent of fat sells at $1..50 per gallon ; buttermilk sells at 
10 cents per gallon. A very large condensed milk trade is reported. 

Birmingham has a well-enforced milk and dairy inspection. Milk is required 
to contain .3 jier cent of fat. and the stables and yards where cows are kept are 
regularly inspected and required to be kept in good condition. All cows fui*- 
nishing milk to the city are tuberculin-tested. The health officer reports that 
out of a total of nearly 1,700 cows so tested but 7 responded and were con- 
demned. This api)ear3 to be a very low average. As was noted, 500 cows are 
reputed to be in the city limits, and of this number GO cows are kept in three 
dairies, which are the only dairies conducted inside of the city. It was said 
that a very few years ago fully 2,000 cows were kept in the city, but the number 
is constantly decreasing, and the dairies which were formerly located in the 
city have moved out into the country. 

Birmingham is in an ideal country for dairying. It is much better adapted 
to dairying than to any other agricultural pursuit. The land is rough, timbered, 
and grasses grow well. Good water is abundant. The dairymen seem to be 
a little more advanced than in most cities, and the city has a well-conducted 
modern city milk depot, doing a good business. This depot is built according to 
modern ideas and has every appliance, including a pasteurizing outfit, for hand- 
ling its milk supply. This dairy has branches in suburbs of the city and, so far 
as could be determined, it is well patronized. It luiys most of its milk fi-om 
farmers who live as far away as 25 ndles. A very strict contract was made 
with the producers, in which tliey agree to observe certain conditions in regard 
to caring for the herd and stables, and in handling the milk. Some cream is 
shipped from Tennessee. All of the nulk sold in Birmingham is said to be 
cooled as it is milked, and no warm milk is delivered, as is done in practically 
every other city visited. Most of the milk sold in tjie city is bottled, but a part 
is sold from cans. 



34 BUREAU OB" ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Mobile, Ala. 

Population, .38,469. Amount of milk sold in the city daily, not including 
product of family cows, 400 gallons. No estimate of number of family cows 
could be secured, but a large number of families have cows for individual needs. 

The following are the prices for dairy products in Mobile: Milk, retail, to con- 
sumers, 8 and 10 cents per quart ; to hotels and restaurants, 25 to 35 cents per 
gallon ; paid to producers by city dealers. 20 to 22J cents a gallon ; cream sells 
at 40 to 50 cents per quart; ice cream sells at $1.50 to $2 per gallon; butter- 
milk retails at 25 cents a gallon, and in large lots sells for 20 cents a gallon. 

Mobile has no milk and dairy inspection and it is claimed that much of the 
milk sold in the city is of poor quality, being either skimmed or watered. One 
milk depot is doing business in the city, the greater part of the milk coming from 
one farm near the city and some coming by rail as far as 15 miles. Some cream 
is shipped in from Tennessee. The dairy farm furnishing the greater part of 
the milk for this depot was conducted along modern lines in every way. It is 
kept very clean, and the cows are in good condition and have plenty of yard 
room. Other herds supplying the city are not so well kept. A number of 
dairy herds are located inside of the city and a few are in the most thickly pop- 
ulated portion. 

Most of the milk for the retail trade is bottled and the majority of the dairy- 
men run the milk over coolers as it is milked. Two deliveries per day are 
made and fresh milk is delivered, requiring very early milking morning and 
afternoon. 

Mobile, like the other seacoast cities, is located in a climate and on a soil that 
appears to make dairying a difficult occupation. The cows give a light yield 
of milk, and feed in paying quantities is difficult to produce. On the other 
hand, it will be noted that prices are inviting. A heavy condensed milk trade 
is reported ; and it was very evident that not enough milk, cream, and butter- 
milk is obtainable to supply the demand. 

Vicksburg, Miss. 

Population, 14,834. Milk sold in the city daily, not including the product of 
family cows, 350 gallons. No estimate of number of family cows kept can be 
secured. 

The following prices are paid for dairy products in Vicksburg : Milk, retail, 
to consumers, 8 to 10 cents per quart ; in gallon lots to hotels, 6 to 8 cents per 
quart ; cream, 90 cents to .$1.20 per gallon. A small condensed-milk trade is 
Imported. 

Vicksburg is not one of the cities reporting a large trade in ice cream, and 
very little buttermilk is sold. The small trade in buttermilk is in striking con- 
trast with the cities visited in the Carolinas and other States south of Virginia. 
No explanation can be offered, as the climate is the same as in many of the 
cities mentioned heretofore. 

Vicksl)urg undoubtedly receives milk of very poor quality. Milk is watered 
and no secret is made of the fact. It seems to be expected l)y the consumers, 
and one of the largest producers and retailers in the city, in the presence of his 
l)rin('ipal customer, told the writer that he added a' certain proportion of water 
to all of his milk, and that every other dairyman doing business in the city did 
tlie same thing. .V certain standard of adulteration is sujtposed to be observed. 
It is stated that all dairymen .-ire supposed to add 1 gallon of water to every 4 
gallons of milk. No skimming is supposed to l)e done, but where a little water 
is added with the consent of tlie consumer, there is a strong jtrobability that 
nnirh more water would be added on occasion, iij fact, nothing was seen or 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 35 

beard that would lead one to believe tbat tbe water added to tbe milk stopped at 
1 gallon to 4. It appeared very probable also tbat skimming is practiced as well 
as watering. 

But watering and skimming milk are not tbe only faults of tbe milk supply. 
All berds supplying tbe city, witb one or two exceptions, are kept inside of tbe 
city limits, witb inadequate and filthy yard room and exceedingly poor stables. 
Tbe condition of these berds and stables in wet times can only be imagined, 
but it umst be very bad. None of tbe milk sold in tbe city is cooled. 

What Vicksburg needs, as a start toward securing better milk, is a few public- 
spirited citizens with sufficient knowledge of tbe milk business to start a cam- 
paign of education along this line that will open a way for improvement. An 
inspiration for improvement is within easy reach, as one of tbe finest Jersey 
berds in tbe South is kept near \'icksburg. and tbe product, which is as well 
cared for as that from any practical dairy, is sold in Vicksburg. 

Meridian, Miss. 

Population, 14,050". Milk sold in city daily, not including product of family 
cows, 250 gallons. Number of family cows kept in tbe city indefinite, but runs 
into tbe hundreds. 

The following are the prices for dairy products : Milk retails to consumers at 
7i cents per quart ; in gallon lots to hotels, 25 cents per gallon ; cream of indefi- 
nite quality, 30 to 40 cents per quart ; ice cream, $1.50 per gallon. A large con- 
densed milk trade is reported. 

Some ice cream is shipped to Meridian from the northern part of the State. 
There is a very small cream trade. It is declared by a number of residents, who 
should know, that there is a plentiful supply of milk to meet all demands, and 
hotel managers state that they have no trouble in getting all tbe milk they want. 

The health department has bad supervision of tbe milk supply in a limited 
way for a short time. All dairies supplying milk to the city are required to 
secure a permit, and this permit makes it possible for tbe health department to 
require tbat certain sanitary conditions be observed in the handling of tbe milk 
and tbe stabling of the cows. The authorities claim tbat tbe death rate of 
infants has decreased materially since these regulations have been enforced. 

Part of tbe milk sold in tbe city is bottled, and a small portion is cooled as it 
is milked ; but most of the milk is delivered warm, and two deliveries per day 
are made, the cows being milked very early in the morning and afternoon. Two 
small dairies are inside the city limits and tbe I'emainder are on the outskirts. 
It is said that in no case is any attempt made to. grow a portion of the feed con- 
sumed by the cows, cotton-seed products being about all tbe feed tbat the cows 
receive. 

Natchez,. Miss. 

Population, 12,200. Milk sold daily, not including the product of family cows, 
300 gallons. A large number of family cows are kept in tbe city, but no approx- 
imate estimate can be secured. 

Tbe following are the prices for dairy products in tbe city : Milk retails to 
consumers at 8 and 10 cents per quart, mostly 8 cents ; to hotels and i-estau- 
rants, 25 cents per gallon ; a small trade in cream at 40 cents per quart ; ice 
cream made from straight milk, $1.25 per gallon ; containing 10 per cent of fat, 
?2 per gallon ; fancy, ,$3 per gallon. 

Two of tbe dairymen supplying milk to tbe city own good Jersey herds, and, 
as regards composition, the milk from these two berds is undoubtedly of excel- 
lent quality. There is no milk or dairy inspection, however, and a large part of 



36 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

the milk sold in the city is said to be either skimmed or watered. From a sani- 
tary standpoint, the milk sold in the city might be improved very much. Very 
little regard is paid to cleanliness in handling the milk, the dairymen seeming 
to be unacquainted with the first principles of handling milk. Practically all of 
the milk sold is delivered warm and supposedly fresh. The two Jersey herds 
are kept in good condition, being well fed and comparatively well cared for. 
Stables, as a rule, are miserably looked after. No green feed is fed to the cows 
and very little pasture is available. As in other cities visited by the writer, 
the cows are fed largely on cotton-seed products. A number of herds are kept 
in the city limits. 

Natchez is badly in need of milk and dairy inspection, and such inspection 
should put particular emphasis on the handling of the milk and the sanitary 
condition of stables. 

NeAV Orleans, La. 

Population, 287,104. Milk consumed in the city daily, 12,970 gallons ; cream, 
110 gallons. 

The following are the prices for milk products : Milk, retail, to consumers, 74 
to 10 cents per quart ; in gallon lots to hotels, 20 to 25 cents per gallon ; paid by 
city dairies to rural producers, 10 to 16 cents per gallon, the dealer paying the 
freight ; cream, 30 to 40 cents per quart ; ice cream, $1.50 to .$2 per gallon. 

There are a number of features of the milk supply of New Orleans that make 
it one of the most interesting cities in this regard. The number of dairies 
within the city limits and the extent of the milk business they do are sufficient 
to stamp the city as unique. The effect that the milk and dairy inspection laws 
have had on the quality of the milk is worthy of notice, and there are a number 
of minor features aside from these that would atti-act attention. 

New Orleans until within the last few years had the reputation of consum- 
ing the poorest milk of any city in the country, and. in fact, this reputation 
still clings to the city in the minds of many people unacquainted with the rapid 
change that has taken place there in the last few years. Whether the milk 
supply of the cit.v was bad enough to warrant the repute in which it was held, 
or whether the bud conditions were magnified, is a matter for conjecture. 

New Orleans gets the greater part of its milk from herds inside of the city 
limits. The last report of the board of health placed the number of such herds 
at 403, and the number of cows in these herds at 0,723. This did not include 18 
herds just outside of the parish of New Orleans, but inside of n thickly popu- 
lated portion. The greater number of these herds are in one section of the 
city, and it is likely that fully 4,000 cows are kei)t within a radius of a quarter 
of a mile. This close proximity to each other, of course, makes it impossible 
for the cows to have any pastuj-e or even a large yard for exercise. As is well 
known. New Orleans is built on exceedingly level land which lies below the 
high-water mark of the Mississippi River. This makes it impossible to drain 
the land well during wet periods, and, as the soil is of a nature that works up 
into nuid very easily, the condition of the yards used for the dairy herds nmst 
be bad beyond description in certain times of the year. 

In coniitarison with this great number of local dairies, only 4() dairies out- 
side of the city send milk by rail to New Orleans. Most of these dairies were 
formerly located in the city, but owing to difiicnlt conditions moved out to a 
l)lace called Ilannnond, about 40 miles from tiie city. Though they got away 
from the city, they did not get away from tlu' old way of keeping cows; and. 
instead of taking the opportunity to raise a large part of the feed and reduce 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 87 

expenses, they conduct the business the same way that the great majority of 
dairymen supplying millc to Southern cities would. They bought small lots of 
land, which were entirely insufficient to use for pastures, and so fed their cattle 
on purchased feeds. All this in a country where land was cheap, easily culti- 
vated, and where a little manure added to the soil would grow green forage 
crops in quantities that would astonish Northern farmers. Instead of being 
a benefit to the milk supply, as it should have been, this movement into the 
country simply took the dairies that moved to Hanmiond out of the strict super- 
vision of the board of health. It led to a few things, however, that were an im- 
provement over former methods of handling the milk. The facts that the milk 
had to be shipped quite a distance and was several hours old before reaching 
the consumer, and that the inspectors make no allowance for an unfavorable 
climate and absolutely prohibit preservatives, have led to very careful treat- 
ment of the milk on the part of the producers. It necessarily has to be cooled 
to a low temperature where it is milked, and all utensils must be kept clean. 
These are two conditions which are not observed bj' the dairymen keeping 
herds in the city and suburbs. 

As is mentioned .nbove, the diiiries and the milk are under very strict super- 
vision by the board of health, the ordinances regulating the milk supply are 
comprehensive, and the dairymen bear witness by an unusual amount of com- 
plaining that these ordinances were rigidly enforced. The ordinances affecting 
the milk supply cover the following points : Milk must contain 3..5 per cent of 
fat and no preservatives ; barns nmst be well ventilated, have 000 cubic feet of 
sp^ce for each cow, be whitewashed, and have water-tight floors. Barns, yards, 
and cows must be kept clean. Cans and bottles must be well washed, and bot- 
tles must not be refilled fi'om cans in the wagons. All cows are tuberculin- 
tested. A good water supply nmst be insisted upon ; and no distillery slops are 
iillowed to be fed to cows. So far as could be observed these provisions are 
enforced by the inspectors. All stables are whitewashed and kept cleaner than 
similar stables furnishing milk to any other city in the country. There is one 
serious condition that the board of health has failed to remedy and can not im- 
prove, and that is the filthy yards attached to the stables. As was stated, this 
soil has a great tendency to work up into deep mud in wet spells, and the only 
possible way that this can be avoided is to provide sufficient space to allow the 
land to keep a good sod. This means that the cows must be pastured, and for 
this they will need to be removed outside of the city limits. An ordinance has 
already been passed which provides that all of these hei'ds must be outside of 
the city by 1008. This is commendable in so far as the presence of these herds 
with attending filth is a menace to the health of the city ; but if these herds 
simply remove to towns within shipping distance of New Orleans and, as is the 
case of the dairymen who have removed to Hammond, conduct their dairies on 
the same plan as is now being done in that city, it is difficult to understand 
how it will benefit the milk sold in the city. With the exception of one or two 
faults, which could be easily remedied, New Orleans is getting comparatively 
good milk at the present time. The milk and dairy inspectors have evidently 
worked wonders with the quality of the milk. It is not difficult to imagine 
what kind of milk was sold when no restraint was placed on the dairymen. 

Most of the milk sold in New Orleans is delivered warm, fresh from the cow, 
but the milk and cream shipped in by rail is cold when delivered. Fart of the 
milk is bottled, but most of it is sold from cans. These cans, holding from 
10 to 15 gallons each, are carried in pairs in a type of milk cart peculiar to 
this city. It is a very high cart, carried on two wheels, and the cans are 
placed on a seat or shelf in front of the driver's seat. This vehicle was evi- 



38 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

dently designed for a trade that required that the houselveeper should come to 
the street for the millv instead of the driver going to the door. For modern de- 
livery of milk it would be hard to imagine a more awliwardly constructed deliv- 
ery wagon than these two-wheeled carts. 

There is a particularly good dairy located in a parish adjoining New Orleans. 
This is a sanitary dairy in the strictest sense of the word. The cows are 
properly fed and cared for, the stables are cleaned, and the milk is handled 
with all the care possible. It is very doubtful if any other money-making 
dairy in the country furnishes better milk than does this one. Though a 
higlier price is charged for the milk produced in this dairy than any other 
dairy in the city, it is said that only a small part of the demand can be sup- 
plied. At the time of the visit of the writer there was a movement on foot 
to form a stock company to enlarge the herd and the amount of milk handled. 
If all the milk consumed in every city in the country was produced under such 
cleanly and healthy conditions and handled with the same regard for sweetness 
and purity, there would be no problems of city milk supply to be solved. 

About the only suggestion that can be offered for the improvement of the milk 
sold in New Orleans is that the producers be required to cool the milk when it 
is milked. Such a regulation should not be difficult of enfoi'cement. The board 
of health has undertaken and accomplished much more difficult tasks than this 
with regard to the dairies. 

Baton Rouge, La. 

Population, 11,2(39. Amount of milk sold in city daily, not including product 
of family cows, 150 gallons. A large number of family cows are kept in the 
city, but no estimate as to the number can be secured. 

Milk retails at 25 to 35 cents per gallon retail and 25 cents per gallon to 
hotels. Cream sells for 40 cents per quart. There is not much ice cream 
trade and no buttermilk trade. T'he little cream sold is shipped in and is 
handled by grocery stores. 

No bottled milk is sold, and practically all of the milk is delivered warm 
innuediately after milking. Two of the dairy herds supplying milk for the retail 
trade are kept inside of the city. The others are in the country. With one 
or two exceptions, the herds in the country are confined in small yards, and 
have no pasture or green food of any kind. Cotton-seed products furnish 
practically all of the feed. The land around Baton Rouge is well di-ained and 
this prevents the y:irds from becoming so filthy as they might otherwise 
become; but there is no attempt on the part of the owners to keep the yards in 
good condition. The stables are very poor affairs, consisting principally of 
walls and a roof; no floors are provided. 

One very interesting thing noted in connection with the dairy industry as it 
appears in this particular section is the fact that the dairymen allow the calf 
to suck the cow before milking in order to get the milk flow started. This 
requires that the calf of every cow be kei)t so long as the cow gives milk. As 
these calves are kept in very small, filthy pens, and are about half star\ed, 
they are not an attractive feature. Cows, as a rule, seem to be well fed and 
in good flesh. The labor conditions are very bad and consequently all of the 
work is done by the owner and his family. There seems to be a good demand 
for milk. 

The city has no regulations governing the sale of milk or the care of dairies. 
Baton Kouge needs a milk and dairy inspection law. and until this is provided 
and enforced there is nothing that could be suggested that would improve condi- 
tions. 



MILK SUPPLY OF SOUTHERN CITIES. 39 

Memphis, Tenn. 

Population, 102,320. Milk ^ sold iu city dailj% 8,500 gallons; cream, 100 
gallons daily. 

The following are the prices for dairy products in Memphis : Milli, retail to 
consumers, 2.5 to 40 cents per gallon ; cream, containing 30 per cent butter fat, 
25 cents per quart ; milk in gallon lots to hotels, 11 to 20 cents per gallon ; 
ice cream, 80 cents to $1 per gallon ; paid to producers for milk, 11 to 15 cents per 
gallon, plus freight ; for cream, 30 cents per pound for contained butter fat, plus 
freight ; buttermilk and skimniilk in large lots, 10 cents per gallon. 

Most of the milk consiimed in Memphis is produced on the outskirts of the 
city, though a little is shipped in by rail from a short distance. Nearly all of 
the cream used is shipped from Arkansas, a distance of 20 to 50 miles. A 
number — perhaps the majority — of the dairies in and around Memphis are what 
would be called city dairies, having only a small lot in which to keep the 
cows and no facilities whatever for raising any of the feed consumed I)y the 
cows. A few only of the dairies located outside the city raise practically 
all of the green feed necessary by a system of intensive farming. These 
dairies have learned how to handle milk as well as how to grow feed, and some 
of them would take rank almost as sanitary dairies. They have good, milk 
rooms built separately from the stables, and the milk is drawn under very cleanly 
conditions and is cooled and bottled as soon as milked. At least one dairy had 
a pasteurizer, and subjected all the milk sold to this process. Milk from this 
dairy sold at 10 cents per quart, and it can be said to the credit of the consumers 
that it was impossible to meet the demand. 

A very strict jnllk and dairy inspection law is rigidly enforced in Memphis. 
Milk is required to show 3.5 per cent of fat, and. according to the analyses sub- 
mitted to the writer, the greater part of the milk contains above 4 per cent of 
butter fat, and a good portion runs better than 5 per cent. In fact, it appears 
that luiusually rich milk is produced around Memphis, and the board of health 
insures rich milk for the consumer. The office in charge of the inspection inau- 
gnii"«ted a practice of going directly to the herds and securing a sample of 
the fresh milk for comparison with the samples taken on the street whenever 
there was suspicion that all was not right. These comparative samples 
show highly interesting results, and the practice seems to have done much 
toward influencing public opinion and securing convictions. Inspectoi's visit 
herds and stables regularly. Stables are required to be whitewashed, and 
yards must have the manure scraped out during the wet season so as not to 
become filthy. The inspection has brought about a very good condition of 
affairs in this respect, except that the stables, as a rule, have very poor floors. 
Cows are well fed and appear to be perfectly healthy. 

A part of the milk sold in the city is bottled and a part is cooled before it 
is delivered; but too much warm fresh milk is sold. Some of the dairymen 
make a pretense of cooling the milk )\v setting it in tubs of water, but, as the 
water is not very cool even when fresh, this is very ineffective. In fact, it is 
doubtful, considering all things, if it aids in the least in insuring good milk to 
consumers. 

Few improvements can be suggested for the betterment of the milk. As 
stated above, there is too much warm milk delivered in the city. This could be 
easily remedied. Setting milk in a tub of water, unless it be ice water, is of 
doubtful benefit. The use of a mechanical cooler should be enforced. Dairy- 
men should be required to have good floors in stables. This is fully as necessary 
as having stables whitewashed. 



/ ^ 



40 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Chattanooga, Tenn. 



' «?^ 



Population, 30,154. Milk sold daily in city, 2.000 gallons. A large number 
of family cows. 

The following are the prices for dairy products: Milk, retail to consumers, 
24 to 30 cents per gallon ; cream, containing 20 per cent butter fat, 25 cents per 
quart; milk to hotels in gallon lots, IG to 20 cents a gallon; ice cream, 40 
cents a quart, $1.25 a gallon ; paid to farmers for milk, 15 cents per gallon. 

Some of the milk consumed in Chattanooga is shipped as far as 60 miles, 
but the greater part is produced in the city or within a few miles of it. Several 
large dairies are Avithin the city limits, and a number of herds are kept on 
farms where all of the green feed consumed is raised. There is no milk or 
dairy inspection, and stables and yards located in the city are in very bad 
condition. 

Part of the milk sold in the city is bottled. A pasteurizing plant installed 
six years ago handles a large part of the milk sold in the city, and appears to 
be doing as good a business as the character of the milk sent by producers 
will permit. 

Chattanooga is in need of inspection. In the absence of inspection it is 
impossible to suggest any improvements in the city milk supply. The city is 
situated in a place that should warrant the purest milk, as it does good water. 
It is a pity that the city should content itself with poor milk when it would be 
so easy to get good milk. 

Knoxville, Tenn. 

Population, 32,G37. Milk consumed daily, excluding product of family cows, 
1,000 gallons. No estimate of the number of family cows obtained. 

The following are the prices for dairy products : Milk, i-etail to consumers, 
G to 8 cents per quart; to hotels and restaurants, 20 to 25 cents per gallon; 
cream, 30 cents per quart ; ice cream, .$1 to .'?1.25 per gallon. 

Some milk is shipped a distance of 20 miles by rail into Knoxville. biit the 
greater part of the milk is produced near the city. Knoxville is in an ideal 
country for dairying, but there is no particular evidence that the city milk 
supply is benefited by this fact. A couple of good dairies supply a small 
portion of the milk consumed. One of these is the State experiment station 
dairy. An expert is in charge of this dairy, and all modern api)liances are used 
in caring for the milk. This milk goes to supply the better class of trade in 
the city. There is no milk or dairy inspection, and the majority of dairies 
take advantage of this fact to supply skimmed and watered milk. A small 
l)ortion of the milk sold in the city is bottled and some is cooled, but the 
greater part of the trade is warm milk sold from cans. There is very little 
cream trade. 

Knoxville is badly in need of an inspection ordinance that will cover both 
the source and the selling. The stables are very poor and are filthily kept. 
The milk receives no treatment whatever. 

o 



LBFe '07 



